ROM Types

ROM CLASSIFICATION

•1.PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)

Basically a blank ROM chip that can be written only

once

2.EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read only Memory).

you can erase the ROM by shining a special ultraviolet light.this will erase whole data on the rom chip.

3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read

Only Memory

data can be erase by electrical signal, this will not

erase whole data..we can select the data going to be

delete.

RAM Types

RAM CLASSIFICATION

RAM s are devided into two

SRAM

DRAM

SRAM &DRAM

SRAM

DRAM

 Short for static ram

 Does not Need refreshing

 Additional circuit are not

 Short for dynamic ram

 Need refreshing periodically

 Additional circuit are

needed for refreshing

 Use more transistors to

store data

 Speed is fast

 Expensive

 Consume less power

 Used in cache memmory

needed for refreshing

 Use transistors and

capacitor to store data

 Speed is slow

 Not expensive

 Consume more power

 Used in main memmory of

computer

Computer Primary memory!!!

Memmories are basically devided into two.

1. primary memmory

2. secondary memmory

Primary memmories

RAM

ROM

RAM &ROM comparison

RAM

 Short for Random access memmory

 Currently running programs are stored

 Ram is temporary memory.

 The data in RAM can be changed or

deleted

 Processor is always communicate with

RAM.

• accessing speed from RAM is so

fast ,that’s why it is also Known as

computer primary memmory

• Volatile

• All content will be delete when power

failure occur.

• Data writing is fast

• Hold upto several gb of data

ROM

 Short for read only memmory

 Currently running programs are not

stored

 ROM is permanent memory

 The data in RAM can not be changed or

deleted

 Processor do not always communicate with

rom.processor communicate only system

starting time.

 accessing speed from RAM is so slow

compared to RAM

 Non Volatile

 All content do not delete when power

failure occur

 Data writing is slow

 Hold only some mb of data(upto 8 mb)

computer memory unit!!!

	Unit & Description
	*Bit (Binary Digit)    Logical 0 and 1
	*Nibble:-4 bit
	*Byte:- 8 bit

	*Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
	*Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
	*GigaByte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
	*TeraByte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
	*PetaByte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB

How Computer Works!!!!!!

		Input Unit

The input devices translate the information into a form understandable by the computer.

Eg.keyboard

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

Functions of cpu.

1.fetch .(means taking data from input device)

2.Decode. ( means convert data to human readable format to machine readable)

3.excute( do the process for output)

4. Store ( save the output data to temporary register)

CPU itself has the following three components −

• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Memory Unit
• Control Unit

Output Unit

Input Unit

The output devices translate the information into a form understandable by the user.

Eg.Monitor

 

Applications Of Computer

Business

• Payroll calculations
• Budgeting
• Sales analysis
• Financial forecasting
• Managing employee database
• Maintenance of stocks, etc.

Banking

• Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and trustee records.

• ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.

Insurance

• Procedure to continue with policies
• Starting date of the policies
• Next due installment of a policy
• Maturity date
• Interests due
• Survival benefits
• Bonus

Education

• The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education).

• CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.

• Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.

• There are a number of methods in which educational institutions can use a computer to educate the students.

• It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this basis.

Marketing

• Advertising − With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.

• Home Shopping − Home shopping has been made possible through the use of computerized catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers.

Healthcare

• Diagnostic System − Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of illness.

• Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by computer.

• Patient Monitoring System − These are used to check the patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.

• Pharma Information System − Computer is used to check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side effects, etc.

• Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

Engineering Design

• Structural Engineering − Requires stress and strain analysis for design of ships, buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc.

• Industrial Engineering − Computers deal with design, implementation, and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials, and equipment.

• Architectural Engineering − Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.

Military

• Missile Control
• Military Communication
• Military Operation and Planning
• Smart Weapons

Communication

• E-mail
• Chatting
• Usenet
• FTP
• Telnet
• Video-conferencing

Government

• Budgets
• Sales tax department
• Income tax department
• Computation of male/female ratio
• Computerization of voters lists
• Computerization of PAN card
• Weather forecasting

Generation of computer

	First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
	Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
	Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
	Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
	Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based